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Contents

 

 

Sample Chapters
(Following is an extract of the content from the book)

 

INSTITUTIONAL NETWORK TO ASSIST
THE SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY

National Level Institutions

The Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDCO) and the National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) under the Ministry of Industry are the chief central institutions assisting the small scale sector.

Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDCO)

Established in 1954, the SIDCO acts as a policy formulating, co-ordinating and monitoring agency for development of small scale industries. It co-ordinates the work related to the development of small scale industries on all India basis by -


Evolving all India policy and programme for the development of the SSI Sector.
Co-ordinating the policies and programmes of various State Governments.
Providing liaison between different states as also between the States and Central Ministers, Planning Commission, Reserve Bank of India and Financial Institutions;
Co-ordinating the programme for the District Industries Centres and development of industrial estates and ancillaries all over the country.


Assistance is also provided by the SIDCO to the State Governments in formulating the schemes within the overall plan allocations and objectives, Central assistance to the Industrial Development with the assistance of SIDCO.

The important function of the SIDCO is, however, to suggest a pattern of small scale industrial development for the country as a whole. This involves responsibilities for indicating the lines of manufacture which are suitable for the small scale sector and give to it all assistance in the form of promotion, procurement of raw materials and machinery and other technical advice from time to time. The SIDCO provides a wide range of inspection, services through its network of Small Institutes, Branch Institutes, Extension Centres, Regional Testing Centres, and other institutions at the field level.

National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC)

It was set up in February 1955 with an authorized capital of Rs. 20 lacs which was completely subscribed by the Government of India. Its main objective is to promote the growth of small scale industries. Its activities are:

To supply indigenous and imported machinery and equipment to existing and prospective entrepreneurs on hire-purchase basis on easy terms.
To provide (internal and export) marketing support to small scale units through the Government Purchase Programme.
To develop prototype of machines for commercial exploitation by small units.
To provide training in various technical trades through its Prototype Development and Training Centres.
To secure Government orders for products of small units and to provide financial, technical and other assistance to them to fulfil such orders.
To secure co-ordination between small scale and large scale units so as to enable the former to act as ancillaries to large units.
To underwrite and guarantee loans to small units from banks and their institutions.
To supply raw materials, spares and components to small units.


Development Commissioner (Small Scale Industries)

The office of the DC (SSI) headed by the Development commissioner (Small Scale Industries) and Ex-officio Additional Secretary is an attached office of the Ministry of Industry. This is an apex body and is the nodal agency for formulating, co-ordinating and monitoring the policies and programmes for promotion and development of small scale industries in the country. It maintains close liaison with the Central Ministers, Planning Commission, State Governments, Financial Institutions, Voluntary Organisations and other Organisations concerned with the development of small industries. It provides a comprehensive range of facilities and services including consultancy in techno-economic, managerial aspects, training, common processing and testing facilities, tooling facilities and marketing assistance etc. to small scales units. Office of the DC (SSI) provides these services through a network of 7 small Industries Services Institutes, 31 branch institutes, 37 extension centres, 4 regional testing centres, 1 product and process development centre, 2 footwear training centres and 4 production centres. The institutional network is now being extended by establishing 12 new branch institutes in backward areas and 18 field testing stations in areas of concentration of specific types of industries. There are also a few specified institutions like Central Institute of Tool Design. Hyderabad, Central Tool Room and Training Centres at Ludhiana and Calcutta, Central Institute of Hand tools, Jalandhar, Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring instruments (IDEMI), Bombay, integrated Training Centre, Nilkheri, National Institute of Small Industries Extension Training (NISET), Hyderabad, National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), New Delhi which provide training in management and technical services in specified fields.

State Level Institutions

State Financial Corporations (SFCs)

There are 18 SFCs at present. They have been set up under State Financial corporations Act 1951, by the respective State Governments as regional institutions. They play an effective role in the development of small and medium enterprises and in bringing about regionally balanced economic growth. They aim at wider dispersion of small and medium units within each state. They meet term credit needs of such units. The types of assistance provided by them is generally similar to those of IFCI, IDBI, and so on.

The activities of SFCs so far have been under the overall control and supervision of the IDBI and RBI. Henceforth, SIDBI and RBI will perform of overseeing function. The resources of SFCs come from share capital, reserves, bond issues, loans from the RBI, IDBI, and State Government; refinance from the RBI and IDBI; fixed deposits from the State Governments, local authorities and the public; assistance from IDA and foreign currency line of credit from the IDBI.

National Co-operative Development Corporation (NCDC)

It was set up in March 1963 as a development finance institution for agricultural co-operative sector. Its functions are :


To implement various programmes in the co-operative sector.
To provide financial assistance in the form of loans and subsidy to co-operatives under various schemes.
To promote, strengthen, and develop farmers' co-operative in order to increase production and productivity
To plan and promote programmes relating to production, processing, marketing, storage, export and import of agricultural goods through co-operatives.
To help in the implementation of programmes meant for weaker sections of society.


It handles programmes in the areas of poultry, fisheries, minor forest product, handlooms, coir, sericulture, and dairy farming. It acts as an on-lending agency for implementing projects aided by IDA and European Economic Community. As a part of this, it has already implemented certain projects in the areas of storage, cold storage, soyabean processing, oilseeds, cotton processing, mustard seeds, and coconut development and so on. It has started preparing schemes for integrated co-operative development through cooperative in agricultural, allied, and non-farm sectors.

One of its special areas of work is to formulate and implement programmes for distribution of consumer articles in rural areas.

Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs)

There are 17 TCOs in India, at present. The first one was set up in 1972 in Kerala. All of them have been set up in the 1970s and early 1980s. The IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, State level financial institutions and banks have worked together to create a network of these institutions. They are state level organizations and their aim is to provide under a single roof, a package of consultancy services needed in all stages of the project cycle. They provide appropriate, inexpensive and decentalized consultancy services to new and existing medium and small industries, the state level business corporations, State Governments, state level financial institutions, and banks.

TCOs conduct industrial potential surveys, prepare project profiles and feasibility studies. Evaluate projects, conduct entrepreneurship development programmes, provide technical, management and administrative assistance. Take up technical upgradation and rehabilitation programmes, accept turn-key assignments to set up small and medium scale project; help entrepreneurs in project, conception, formulation, and implementation, covering technical, marketing, commercial, financial and economic aspects. They have entered the fields of technology transfer, industrial development in rural areas, merchant banking, and retainer consultancy services. To develop backward areas and non-industry districts through IRDP is now a special area of activity of TCOs. They have started adopting blocks for this purpose.

District Industries Centres (DICs)

To give further boost to development of small & village industries, a District Industries Centre (DIC) has been established in every district as a part of a centrally sponsored scheme. The role of DIC is to collect information about the availability of raw material and other resources and for making arrangement for machinery and equipments, marketing, quality control, research and credit facilities etc., for the small units to be set up in the district. It is also sponsoring authority for directing application of small units of commercial banks for sanctioning of credit facilities. Increasing role of DIC has been assigned for implementation of yet another centrally sponsored scheme, named as Scheme of Self-employment of Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY). A task force for identification of beneficiaries and implementation of the above scheme has been set up each 'District Industries Centre'.

State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)

There are 26 SIDCs, today. The beginning for setting them up was made when the first SIDC was established in Bihar in 1960. Most of them have been set up during the 1960s and early 1970s. They are wholly owned by the respective State Governments. Some of them are set up under State Acts as statutory autonomous corporations (viz., Maharashtra and Gujarat), while others are either public or private limited companies under the companies Act, 1956. Their main aims are to promote rapid industrialization and to bring about balanced regional development by assisting backward areas, in particular. They give assistance to medium. large, and small units.

[ ][ ][ ] Their main functions are :


To provide risk capital by way of equity participation and seed capital assistance.
To give term loans, guarantees, and lease finance.
To administer incentive schemes of the Central and State Governments.
To conduct industrial potential surveys, to entrepreneurs.
To develop industrial areas, sheds, and estates.
To set up industrial projects in the joint sector i.e., in partnership with private entrepreneurs or as wholly owned subsidiaries. Their resources come from the state governments, banks, bond issues, share capital, loans from the RBI and IDBI and so on.


State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs)

They have been established in various states under the Companies Act, 1956 with a view to developing small, tiny, and village industries in the respective States. They are engaged in producing and distributing scarce/imported raw materials, supplying machinery on hire purchase basis, constructing and managing industrial estates and related infrastructural facilities, providing management assistance, extending seed capital assistance, and providing marketing assistance.

Financial Institutions

Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

It was set up in October 1989 as a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI. Its authorised capital is Rs. 250 crores with an enabling provision to increase it to Rs. 1000 crores. It is the Central or Apex or principal institution which will oversee, co-ordinate and further strengthen various arrangements for providing financial and non-official assistance to small scale industries.

[ ][ ][ ]Its objective are :


To initiate steps for technological upgradation and modernization of existing units.
To expand channels for marketing of SSI sector products in India and abroad
To promote employment-oriented industries in Semi-urban areas and to check migration of population to big cities.


It operates two funds : Small industries Development Fund and Small Industries Development assistance Fund. The operation of the former and of National Equity Fund which were earlier looked after by the IDBI will now be handled by the SIDBI. Its financial assistance will be channelled through the existing credit delivery system comprising NSIC, SFCs, SIDCs, SSIDCs, Commercial banks, co-operative banks, and RRBs. The total number of institutions eligible for assistance from SIDBI is 869. It would discount and rediscount bills arising from the sale of machinery to small units; extend seed capital/soft loan assistance through national Equity Fund and through seed capital schemes of specialized lending institutions; refinance loans; and provide services like factoring, leasing and so on.

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

It was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of the RBI, in July 1964 by merging the Industrial refinance Corporation (IRC) which, in turn, was set up by the Government earlier in June 1958. In February 1976, the IDBI was delinked from the RBI and since then, it has become a separate and independent entity wholly owned by the Government. It is now the Central or Apex institution in the field of industrial finance. It functions as a development financing agency in its own right. In addition to its work of co-ordinating, supplementing, and monitoring the operations of other term-lending institutions in the country. Apart from providing direct assistance of the types supplied by IFCI and ICICI, it provides indirect assistance in the form of discounting/ rediscounting long-term bills/promissory notes, refinancing of loans given by SFCs banks, and subscribing to resources of notified financial institutions such as SFCs, IFCI, ICICI, IRBI, and so on. At the end of March 1990, there were 869 primary lending institutions which were eligible for refinancing facilities of the IDBI. It also takes up various promotional activities such as balanced development of regions, entrepreneurship development, technology development, and so on. The resources of the IDBI are more or less similar to those of the IFCI.

Industrial credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI)

It was set up in 1955 as a public company under the sponsorship of the Work Bank. It is a privately owned institution with no participation by the Government in its share capital, which is partly owned by the Indian private sector and partly by foreign institutions. The type of assistance and scope of activities of ICICI are more less similar to those of the IFCI. However, till a new years back, it was the only institution which was providing foreign currency loans, and even now, its foreign currency loans business is much greater than that of other financial institutions. It has pioneered the development of the IFS in many ways. It was one of the earliest organisations to start merchant services in India through its merchant banks division; it has developed the field of lease finance and installment sales; it has played an important role in setting up institutions, such as Over the Counter Exchange, TDICI, SCICI, CRISIL, and venture capital funds, through which it provides a variety of financial services.

Its resources are in the form of share capital, initial interest-free loan by the government of India, advance in foreign currency by the World Bank, rupee loans by IDBI, borrowings from the RBI, lines of credit from the World Bank, bond issues in India and foreign capital markets, issues of shares to Indian Public, and reserves.

Industrial Financial corporation of India (IFCI)

This is the first term-financing institution which was set up in July 1948 by the Government of India with the objective of providing medium and long-term loans to large industrial concerns in the private sector. However, now the units from the co-operative, joint, and public sector also have been made eligible for its assistance. It provides direct rupee and foreign currency loans for setting up new industrial products and for expansion, diversification, renovation, and modernization of existing units. It also underwrites and directly subscribes to industrial securities, provides financial guarantees, merchant banking services, and lease finance.

Its resources are in the form of loans from the RBI, share capital, retained earnings, repayment of loans, issue of bonds, loans from the borrowing in the international capital markets.

It has introduced a number of financing and promotion schemes on its own; the latter include eight consultancy fee subsidy schemes, four interest subsidy schemes, and two entrepreneurship development schemes.

Scope of Services


Management of Public issues of Securities
Project Conceptualization and other related services
Credit Syndication
Placement of Debt & Equity
Project Specific Services for Infrastructure Projects
Turnaround Strategies
Mergers & Amalgamation Strategy
PSU Disinvestment
Arrangements of ECB


National Bank of Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD)

It was set up in July 1982 as a Central or apex institution for financing agricultural and rural sectors. Its paid-up capital of Rs. 100 crores is subscribed by the Governments and the RBI in equal amounts. It has taken over the functions of Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC) which, in turn, was set up in 1975 in the place of former Agricultural Refinance Corporation (ARC) which, in turn, was set up in July 1963.

It oversees the entire rural credit system and to the extent, it has taken over a part of the job of RBI. It has also taken over refinancing function of the RBI relating to State Co-operative Banks and RRBs. It is a co-ordinating agency, in respect of agricultural and rural development activities/policies of the Central and State Governments, Planning commission, and other institutions. It undertakes inspection of cooperative banks the RRBs without prejudice to the powers of RBI. It aims at the prosperity of rural areas through integrated rural development.

Towards this end, it provides credit for the development of agriculture, small scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and other rural crafts, and allied economic activities in rural areas. However, it is primarily a refinancing agency; it provides very little direct finance to final users.

It provides term refinance assistance for the period up to 18 months to State Co-operative banks, commercial banks, RRBs and so on for a wide range of activities in the areas of production, trading, marketing and storage. It also gives long term loans (up to 25 years of maturity) to SCBs, SLDBs, RRBs, commercial banks, and other approved institutions for the purpose of making investment loans. It gives loans up to 20 years of maturity to the state governments, to enable them to subscribe to the share capital of co-operative credit societies. It sanctions refinance assistance under (IRDP). It also provides conservation or rescheduling facilities, in the event of natural calamities.

Its resources comprise a line of credit from the RBI, loans from the Central Government, World Bank, IDA, and other multi-lateral and bi-lateral aid agencies, sales of bonds and debentures, direct-borrowings, deposits, gifts, grants, and so on. It has been associated with implementation of a number of projects with financial assistance from the World Bank and International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).

Commercial Banks

Commercial banks continue to be the main source of finance for working capital even for small scale units. Banks also grant term loans to such units on a very large scale. As already stated, the financing pattern and appraising adopted by the banks are almost the same as adopted for other credit proposals. However, Reserve Banks has issued various guidelines to the banks exhorting them to have a liberal approach and ensure quick disposal of small projects within a time bound schedule.

Export-Import Bank of India (Exim Bank)

It was set up in January 1982 as a statutory corporation wholly owned by the Central Government. It grants direct loans in India and outside for the purpose of exports and import, refinances loans of banks and other notified financial institutions for the purposes of international trade, rediscounts usance export bills for banks, provides overseas investment finance for Indian companies towards their equity participation in joint ventures abroad, and guarantees, along with banks, obligations on behalf of project finance, and it undertakes development of merchant banking activities in relation to export-oriented industries. It thus, provides fund-based as well as non-fund based assistance in the foreign trade sector.

Its sources of funds come from share capital, reserves, repayment of loans, loans from RBI and the Government, bond issues in the domestic and foreign capital markets, loans from international financial institutions, and so on.